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Selected Practices among Rural Residents versus the Prevalence of Amoebiasis and Giardiasis in Njoro Distrct, Kenya.

Kinuthia, Geoffrey; Afolayan, FID; Ngure, V; Anjili, CO (African Journal of Health Sciences, January , 2012)

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Abstract:	The study was designed to investigate on selected practices among rural population, and their likely contribution to the spread of amoebiasis (E. histolytica) and giardiasis (G. lamblia). A cross sectional study was carried out in three villages, namely Kikapu, Piave and Belbar in Njoro District, Kenya. Questionnaire, interviews and personal observations were used to obtain data from 336 randomly selected consenting individuals in homesteads in the three villages. A retrospective study was further carried out to establish the prevalence of E. histolytica and G. lamblia among outpatients attending two randomly selected health centers in the study area. Majority of the respondents' highest education level was basic primary school education (61%), unemployment (98%) and with a monthly expenditure of less than 2200 Kenya Shillings or 28 US Dollars (81%). Eighty percent of the respondents were classified under low economic status. Eighty two percent reported lack of piped water and boiling of drinking water was less likely to occur among the low economic status respondents (Odds ratio (OR) = 0.423, 2 = 9.88; 95% CI of-5.74 to 6.58). However, washing of hands with soap after using a latrine seemingly was not influenced by economic status of the respondents (OR = 1; 2 = 0; 95% CI = 0). The level of education seemed to influence on the adoption of risky practices, such as, failure to boil drinking water was more likely to occur among respondents who had a low academic level (OR = 0.84, 2 = 0.04, 95% CI of-2.27 to 3.95). The stool tests records at Njoro PCEA health center showed that the prevalence of E. histolytica (20.83%) and G. lamblia (20.32%) were higher than the corresponding prevalence at Njoro County Council health center which were 1.34% and 0.00% respectively. Concurrent infections of E. histolytica and G. lamblia were absent in the two health centers. The trend of E. histolytica and G. lamblia followed an alternating pattern, in which an increase in one directly corresponded to a decrease in the other and vice versa in the two health centers. It was concluded that poverty and low education levels were significant factors that influenced on the adoption of risky lifestyles that were likely to enhance parasitic infections. There is a need for reliable diagnostic methods other than direct microscopy for E. histolytica and G. lamblia stool tests in order to minimize the wide variation of the results in the two health centers. Public health education should also be enhanced to discourage the adoption of risky practices.
Description:	Journal Article
URI:	http://repository.daystar.ac.ke/xmlui/handle/123456789/4165

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Effects of Metarhizium anisopliae on sand fly populations in their natural habitats in Marigat sub- County, Baringo County, Kenya

Ngure, Peter; Kasili, S; Anjili, CO; Karanja, RM; Kaburi, J; Mwangi, M; Kinuthia, Geoffrey; Kiarie, Martha; Nzau, A; Kepha, S; Maniania, NK; Ndegwa, PN; Irungu, L; Ngumbi, MP (Health Sciences, December , 2015)

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Abstract:	Leishmaniasis is one of the neglected tropical diseases that pose a threat to people in the endemic regions. In Africa, transmission is through the bite of an infected female phlebotomine sand fly. Disease control with chemotherapy is logistically difficult, toxic and expensive. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) hold great potential as alternative agent for the control of sandflies as demonstrated by their efficacy in recent laboratory experiments. The impressive results have merited testing of the effect of EPF on sand fly populations in their natural habitats. The aim of this study was to test the effect of EPF on sand fly populations on a small scale in a leishmania-endemic area in Kenya. Entomopathogenic fungi isolates were cultured on sabourand dextrose agar (SDA) in petri dishes and incubated at 22-280C. Conidia were produced on long white rice substrate and harvested by sifting the substrate through a 295 μm mesh size sieve and stored at 4-6 0C before being used in the experiments. Metarhizium anisopliae isolates were selected for use in the field after showing 76.8 and 100% mortality in laboratory bred target insects. 2.0 x 1014 of dry conidia of the fungus were introduced into ten termite mounds through the shafts using a modified foot pump in Rabai, Marigat area of Baringo County, Kenya. The site harbours both Phlebotomus martini and P. duboscqi leishmaniasis vectors. Sand fly densities, mycoses and survival after capture from the mounds were observed from week one post-treatment to week thirteen. Results indicate that the fungi in termite mounds caused three to ten-fold mortalities in the population of sand flies nine weeks after application. Longevity of sand flies collected from treated termite mounds was reduced to less than nine days after collection, whereas 90% of those from control mounds lived well over the nine days. Sand flies collected from the treated termite mounds during week nine had 100% mortality compared to 10.7% of those from the control mounds. Metarhizium anisopliae infection was observed in 42% of the sand fly cadavers collected from the treated termite mounds and 0% in the control group. From the findings of this study sand flies have shown to be susceptible to Metarhizium anipilae and can be controlled by the same. Further studies to determine the best methods for delivery and application in the diverse ecological settings of various leishmaniasis vectors are recommended.
Description:	Journal Article
URI:	http://repository.daystar.ac.ke/xmlui/handle/123456789/4162

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Inculturation Methodology as the Medium towards the Formulation and Establishment of an African Ecclesiology of Ubuntu

Oduor, Peter Lee Ochieng (EAST AFRICANNATURE & SCIENCEORGANIZATION, July 29, 2021)

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Abstract:	The emergence of ecclesiology scholarship in recent theological discourse has exposed the various approaches that ecclesiology has been studied as a distinctive discipline. The traditional ecclesiological approach has prioritized the scholarship of ecclesiology from the perspective of specific denominational orders. There has also been an approach of ecclesiology that revolves around the perspective ofsome renowned theologians on the basis of their affiliation to their respective church organizations. The most recent approach has been the global ecclesiology that prioritizes the concept of contextualization while looking at ecclesiological discourse from distinct sociocultural-geographical contexts. Three geographical regions hold a wealth of significance by virtue of the global trajectory of Christianity towards the global South: Asia, Africa and Latin America. African ecclesiology plays a critical role in this arrangement and is a major contributor to global ecclesiology. In this understanding, it is imperative for the pursuit of an African ecclesiology to appreciate the concept of Ubuntu as a definitive expression of the African identity. The problem is the methodology of ecclesiological scholarship in Africa that ignores the significance Ubuntu has and resultantly births a foreign ecclesiology to the indigenous African population. It is important to acknowledge that the approach of ecclesiology that will thrive in Africa is nothing less than an Ubuntu ecclesiology that prioritizes community and relationships reminiscent of our traditional African portrait as foundational pillars for her establishment. The formulation and establishment of an African friendly ecclesiology of Ubuntu can only be facilitated by the usage of the inculturation method of theology. This methodology accords due consideration to the African heritage with regard to their culture, spirituality and religious background emphasizing the values from traditional Africa that are helpful to Christian life and condemning those practices that are non-Christian in nature.
Description:	Journal Article
URI:	http://repository.daystar.ac.ke/xmlui/handle/123456789/4158

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Land Administration in Kenya: The Case for Leading and Managing Change.

Opondo, Martin (International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,, May 5, 2021)

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Abstract:	The state of Land administration and management in Kenya has, despite numerous reform efforts, remained fractured and uncoordinated over time. With the adoption of the National Land Policy in 2009, the Constitution of Kenya 2010 and the creation of the National Land Commission (NLC), Land administration and management straddles across two institutions i.e., the Ministry of Lands and Physical Planning, which is created under the Executive Order 2018, and the independent constitution commission, National Land Commission. The land administration functions straddles between the two entities with a performance that is less than satisfactory. Over the years, task forces and commissions have been set up to address the need for security tenure, protection and enforcement of land rights. Most often the solutions proffered have been bureaucratic, administrative and in some cases legal. It is, however, our proposition that strategic leadership through leading and managing change, can play a key role in improving performance of the land administration and management function. The study sought to investigate the influence of leading and managing change on the performance of land administration function in Kenya. The study used both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The target population was 2880 staff who work on land administration and sampled customers who access their services. The Slovin's Formula was used to estimate the sample size. The sample of 351, was arrived at through a stratified random sampling method. In addition, the research employed document analysis at the respective headquarters of the National Land Commission and the Ministry of Lands and Physical Planning. Inferential and descriptive statistics were used to analyse quantitative data with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 22). Descriptive statistics included frequency distribution, mean (the measure of central tendency), standard deviation (the measure of dispersion) and percentages. Besides, inferential statistics include regression analysis and Pearson correlation analysis. Thematic content analysis will be used for qualitative analysis and presented in a narrative form. The study established that leading and managing change has positive and a statistically significant effect on the performance of the Land Administration and management function in Kenya (β1=0.468; p-value=0.000). The study recommends that the top management in the two organizations should formulate and implement programmes aimed at motivating, rewarding innovativeness and creativity among the employees. In addition, the study recommends that both the Ministry and the NLC should make an effort of increasing the budget for staff training. This will equip the employees with the needed skills to carry out their duties hence improving service delivery.
Description:	Journal article
URI:	http://repository.daystar.ac.ke/xmlui/handle/123456789/4151

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Why Criminal Sanctions Still Matter in Corporate Governance

Musikali, Lois M. (International Company and Commercial Law Review, 2009)

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Abstract:	The general concern about the adequacy of self-regulation as a mode of policing corporations has once again come to the forefront of the corporate governance debate following the current economic crisis. Irresponsible lending to individuals who cannot afford to repay loans has resulted in the near collapse and nationalisation of banks such as Northern Rock and Bradford & Bingley in the United Kingdom and Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in the United States.1 Once again, the Government has had to intervene to prevent an economic crisis, by nationalising failing financial institutions to avoid them falling into liquidation. Government intervention in the regulation of markets, particularly through the use of criminal sanctions, has not been popular in recent years. The use of criminal sanctions to regulate business activities is generally perceived as being an overreaction that is likely to discourage directors from taking the risk that is necessary to run a business, thereby slowing down economic growth and interfering with profitability. It is frequently argued that criminal sanctions are not necessary in the regulation of business and corporate governance in particular. Among the arguments made against the use of criminal sanctions in corporate governance is the procedural argument which perceives the use of criminal sanctions as being an expensive way of enforcing regulation,2 which has a high burden of proof and as such is prohibitive to those seeking remedies for expropriation, as shareholders are required to demonstrate the director's culpability.3 In addition, it is argued that criminal sanctions cannot provide restitution to shareholders and employees who have lost their jobs.4 On top of that, the use of criminal sanctions is likely to result in over-deterrence of prospective directors, making them risk averse which is detrimental to the long-term benefit of the company.5 Others simply claim that not everyone is deterred by the criminal sanction6 and therefore using criminal sanctions will not deter a self-interested director. However, government intervention, hitherto a mechanism of last resort, would now seem to be an inevitable consequence of the failure of markets to regulate themselves, and the only method likely to guarantee at least a modicum of financial stability during the current crisis. Stability is important as the success of any economy in the 21st century lies in its ability to create and maintain successful corporations. The survival and long-term profitability of corporations is no longer a private interest which merely affects those who deal with the corporation at a primary level, for instance investors, but also a public interest affecting the welfare of stakeholders such as employees to whom it provides jobs and pensions. When financial scandals occur, employees stand to lose their livelihoods not only in the form of jobs but also of life-long pensions. The Government therefore has a responsibility to ensure that employees as well as other stakeholders of the corporation are protected from the fraudulent acts of managers who do not act in the best interests of the company. The success of the corporation is therefore a public interest that, to a certain degree, ought to be protected through state regulation. This article considers the role of law in corporate governance, as legislation is one of *I.C.C.L.R. 134 the key ways in which the Government has intervened in previous crises, such as Enron in the United States. The focus of this article is an investigation into whether government intervention in corporate governance through criminal sanctions is necessary and to what extent it affects the ability of directors to perform their entrepreneurship function of risk-taking. This article begins by addressing the function of national legislation in corporate governance, which might be thought of as hard law, as contrasted with the soft law of the various City codes of practice, and then explains how criminal sanctions apply to the corporate environment.
Description:	Journal Article
URI:	http://repository.daystar.ac.ke/xmlui/handle/123456789/4150

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Abstract:	The main objective of the study is to determine the influence of key decision maker attributes on the internationalization of medium sized firms. Key decision maker attributes have been underscored in much internationalization literature across different contexts as a principal feature that facilitates the process of Medium Enterprises internationalization. Medium enterprises play a significant role in creating a strong economic base to any country since they greatly contribute to employment creation. There is overwhelming evidence from the literature that the key decision maker plays a huge role in the internationalization of Medium enterprises. International entrepreneurship theory is the main theoretical framework which informs the study. The main variables that are examined in the study include key decision maker education, international experience and international business vision. Descriptive research design has been used in the study. The key CEOs of the Top 100 medium sized companies in the category of 2012 were the respondents of the study. The results of the study indicate that key decision maker attributes plays a significant role in the internationalization process of medium sized firms. The study concludes that the key decision maker is a major determinant of the firm’s ability to grow from the domestic market and internationalize its operations
Description:	Article
URI:	http://repository.daystar.ac.ke/xmlui/handle/123456789/4169

Abstract:	This paper reports on findings using hair as biomonitor marker for heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr and Cu) from geological source and exposure through regular maize consumption among selected male adults in Eldoret Municipality who had resided for five continous years. Concentration of Pb and Cu in anthropogenic pathways, while Cd and Cr reflected accumulation from the human activities. Usually higher concentration of heavy metals hair samples suggest longer term exposure. The estimated intake of Cd and Cr from maize in one zone associated with high concentration of the metals from geological source was appreciably above the respective recommended daily allowance (RDA), signifying possible health risks to humans. Significant correlations between Pb, Cd and Cu in hair and heavy metals from maize consumed suggested maize consumption as possible pathways of exposure of heavy metals in humans. Possible health risks from heavy metals were likely due to consumption of higher quantities of maize contaminated from geological and human activities
Description:	Journal Article
URI:	http://repository.daystar.ac.ke/xmlui/handle/123456789/4167

Abstract:	Heavy metals were analyzed in soils, food crops and male scalp hair samples collected from two age group subjects; adults (18 - 45 years) and old age (46 - 55 years) males from polluted and relatively less polluted areas in Eldoret Municipality environs, Kenya. The samples used were collected from same sites as the individuals who had stayed in the sampled regions for more than five years. The samples were digested using acids and analyzed using Atomic Absorbtion Spectrometry (AAS). The results revealed that the consumption of food crops grown on contaminated soils have significantly increased the concentrations of selected metals in the human hair. Pd and Cd concentrations in soils and food crops showed elevated levels above the WHO recommended limits. Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in male scalp hair samples collected from polluted area as compared to control area. In conclusion, consumers in the study area are exposed to high health risks associated with bioaccumulation of heavy metals through ingestion of heavy metals resulting from contamination of food crops grown in the study area and should be sensitized on the dangers of heavy metals on their health
Description:	Journal Article
URI:	http://repository.daystar.ac.ke/xmlui/handle/123456789/4164

Abstract:	Leishmania major is a protozoan parasite that causes cutaneous leishmaniasis and the standard drugs are expensive and toxic. Cheaper and safer natural drugs are therefore needed. In this study, the in vitro efficacy of crude extracts of Callistemon citrinus were tested against L. major. Controls were anti leishmanial drugs pentostam and liposomal amphotericin B. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of C. citrinus crude aqueous and methanolic extracts were 5mg/ml and 1mg/ml respectively compared to 12.5µg/ml and 6.25µg/ml for pentostam and liposomal amphotericin B respectively. The IC 50 for C. citrinus extracts against promastigotes ranged from 297.75 to 572.69µg/ml compared to 0.26 and 0.82µg/ml for pentostam and liposomal amphotericin B. The IC 50 for C. citrinus extracts against vero cells ranged from 467µg/ml to 1314.65µg/ml. The promastigotes' viability after treatment with aqueous and methanolic extracts was 69.58% and 75.74% respectively. At 125µg/ml, the aqueous and methanolic C. citrinus extracts had in vitro amastigotes' infection rates (IRs) of 77.0±2.50 % and 77.5±3.50% respectively. The multiplication indices (MIs) and IRs of amastigotes treated with C. citrinus crude aqueous extracts and those treated with crude methanolic extracts differed insignificantly (P > 0.05). C. citrinus methanolic extracts stimulated production of about 20µM nitric oxide in BALB/c mice peritoneal macrophages suggesting immuno-modulatory role of the extracts. The crude aqueous and methanolic extracts of C. citrinus were therefore concluded to be relatively less toxic and possessed in vitro anti-leishmanial activity against L. major promastigotes and amastigotes.
Description:	Journal Article
URI:	http://repository.daystar.ac.ke/xmlui/handle/123456789/4163